Figures.

From the NY Times:

To encourage deepwater exploration in the Gulf of Mexico, a 1995 law offered generous incentives in the form of relief from royalties, then roughly 12 percent of the per-barrel price. The law was seen as a useful way to increase domestic production and reduce the country’s dependence on foreign oil.

Prices were low at the time, so the law contained a threshold of $28 per barrel (in 1994 dollars) beyond which royalties would resume. But this applied only to already signed leases. There was no clear language in the bill specifying price thresholds for new leases signed from 1996 to 2000. Some legislators involved in drafting the bill said later that they simply assumed that the $28 threshold would apply to both old and new leases.

But in 2007 — by which time oil had risen above $70 a barrel — a federal judge said in effect that Congressional intent wasn’t enough, and that companies with leases signed between 1996 and 2000 did not have to pay.

A lot of money has already been lost. Bizarrely, several weeks ago the government began refunding about $2 billion in royalties to companies that had paid up. Future losses could be immense. About 70 of the no-royalty-no-threshold leases are already productive, with more to come. The Government Accountability Office has estimated that lost royalties could run as high as $53 billion over the next 25 years, depending on prices.